The Case Of Phar Mor Inc. - 1433 Words

The Case of Phar-Mor Inc. Fraud will always be an issue but it has been more prevalence in the past before there were any specific guidelines for business entities and accountants to adhere and conform to. It is observed that those with higher positions in a company could let the power get to them at times and can use that power for their personal benefits. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act set standards to try to prevent future scandals like in the case of Phar Mor Inc., the Waste Management scandal and Enron. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was created to address the reoccurrence the likes of the several major scandals of the past. The nature of those past years scandals made it clear that preventative measures was a possible way to prevent any future scandals. And the efficacy of Sarbanes Oxley Act, many people as well as companies believed that fraud is easy to prevent. In the case of Phar-Mor fraud, the company was involved in cover up and some accounts were created to hide the fraudulent activities. Bad inventory counts in the stores were made to help with the cover up and deceit about activities that cost hundreds of millions of dollars. (Williams, S.L., 2011) The Sarbanes Oxley Act came to existence after numerous scandals on financial misappropriation and inaccurate accounting records. The nature of scandals made it clear there are possible measure that could be used to prevent future occurrence of financial scandals. And the existence and effectiveness of Sarbanes Oxley has causedShow MoreRelatedCase 4.6. Phar-Mor Inc.8093 Words   |  33 Pages|Case 4.6 | |Instructional Notes | | | |Phar-Mor, Inc.: Read MoreThe Case Summaries For Phar Mor Inc. Fraud Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Case Summaries for Phar-Mor Inc. Fraud, Waste Management Scandal, Enron Scandal and Answers Phar-Mor Inc. Fraud Summary Phar-Mor Inc. fell prey to greed from the top. Unfortunately, the auditing firm assisted the organization with the conspiracy to defraud the users of financial reporting, the government, and the stakeholders. The chief officers used the funds for personal usage and appropriated funds to functions that were not related to the organization business. The financial statementsRead MoreEssay about Case 4.6 Phar-Mor, Inc.618 Words   |  3 PagesIf there was a reckless misrepresentation and lack of due diligence in verifying accuracy of financial information that is free of material misstatements, that alone would give me a reason to sue the auditors. B) Negligence as it is used in legal cases involving independence auditor is defined as â€Å"failure to conduct an audit with due professional care in the performance of work† C) The primary difference between negligence and fraud is fraud is the intentional concealment or misstatement of informationRead MoreEssay about Phar Mor Inc Case Study1184 Words   |  5 PagesSean Russi The Case of Phar-Mor Inc ACCT-525 October 31, 2012 Case Summary The case of Phar-Mor Inc was one of the biggest pre-Enron frauds that have been uncovered. Phar-Mor Inc established in 1982 Phar-Mor was a small little known discount drugstore. Phar-Mor became well known for offering medications at a 25-40% discount rate compared to your normal pharmacy store prices. Phar-Mor’s first six years of existence seemingly wereRead MorePhar-Mor Case1536 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment Week 1 The Case of Phar-Mor Inc Devry University ACCT 525-15768 January 12, 2014 Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was implemented with the sole purpose of assuring the investors in the financial reporting system. One example is a case such as Phar-Mor which fabricated their inventory in most of their retail stores in order to conceal a massive fraud by the leading executives. Or the Waste Management scandal which did things such as capitalizing items which should haveRead MorePhar Mor Case8496 Words   |  34 Pages~ Case 6 Phar-Mor, Inc.: Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability Mark S. Beasley, Frank A. Buckless, Steven M. Glover, Douglas F. Prawitt LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing and discussing this case, you should be able to . . Identify factors contributing to an environment conducive to accounting fraud . Understand what factors may inappropriately influence the client-auditor relationship and auditor independence Understand auditor legal liability issues related to suits broughtRead MorePhar-Mar Inc. Accounting Scandal2283 Words   |  10 PagesSummary Phar-Mor, Inc. was a deep-discount store that had substantial growth in a short period of time. It started with 15 stores and grew to over 310 stores in thirty two states between 1985 and 1992. At first Phar-Mor was seen as a major prospect in the retail market. With sales of over $3 billion and growing, Phar-Mors success even worried some of the biggest retail giant, including Wal-mart. The president, founder, and COO of Phar-Mor was Mickey Monus, who became quite extravagant withRead MoreBy Reviewing Sox’S Sections It Was Noted There Are Four1253 Words   |  6 PagesBy reviewing SOX’s sections it was noted there are four sections that could address the aspects of the fraudulent activities at Phar-Mor. It’s very complicated to precise the fraud would be successfully prevented in this case since it was perpetuated at a very high level thereby there is a great chance the executives would have found a way to hide it. In this case as the fraud was perpetrated at the top executive’s level, SOX probably would prevent the involvement of some other employees in the schemeRead MorePhar-Mor Fraud Essay1845 Words   |  8 PagesPhar-Mor, Inc was a thriving discount grocery store in the late 1980’s. Phar-Mor was moving product quickly but profit margins were not significant enough to pay the bills. By the early 1990’s, Phar-Mor declared bankruptcy due to fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets, making it one of the largest frauds in U.S. history. Below, we will use auditing standard AU 316.85 Appendix A in conjunction with the video â€Å"How to Steal $500 million† to analyze how incentives/pressuresRead MorePhar-Mor Inc1766 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 1: Phar-Mor Inc By: Rich Allen SID: 250421110 Date: July 18th, 2013 Prof: M. TeKare 1a). A company would want to hire a member of its external audit for a number of reasons. The external auditor would have extensive knowledge of how the company works due to analyzing statements and performing many audit procedures and tests on the company and therefore would reduce time in order to become effective as an employee. The company would know the former auditor personally and have

The Harlem Renaissance Essay - 1086 Words

The Harlem Renaissance was a time of great commotion spanning the 1920s, also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement.† One of the more well-known movers and shakers of the Harlem Renaissance is Langston Hughes. He amongst other artist brought new forms of black cultural expressions into urban areas that had been affected by The Great Migration. Harlem was the largest area affected by said Great Migration. Though the Harlem Renaissance was centered in Harlem the power and strength contained in the words of artist such as Langston Hughes reached Paris and even the Caribbean. Langston Hughes was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement. His vast amounts of work are what brought attention to the struggles and realities of the time†¦show more content†¦In addition words as strong as these written by Langston Hughes bring attention to the struggles and the harsh reality black people were made to face. One of the more pressing issues that can still be seen to this da y is racial passing. Racial passing is a struggle not only seen in Hughes poems and during the Harlem Renaissance but, in present day Black America. Passing makes reference to a person who is classified as a certain race or belonging to one racial group whom is also accepted as a apart of another racial group. Passing was especially used to describe someone of a mixed background in America who assimilated to the white majority. The concept of passing is something that tears the black community apart; Langston Hughes not only saw, but experienced passing. Hughes writes about passing in some of his works. In one of his works entitled â€Å"Passing† certain lines really stand out and directly speak about passing, not in the literal sense, but passing in a world that puts the fairer skinned above those who are of a darker skin tone. In â€Å"Passing† Hughes talks about it being funny that white people don’t like those that are colored and goes on to say that if thy did he wouldn’t have to be â€Å"passing† to keep his good job. Hughes goes on to say that he doesn’t mind being â€Å"white† and generously thanks his motherShow MoreRelatedHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagessouthern African Americans migrated to a city called Harlem in New York. They relocated due to dogmatism and intolerance of melanin diverging out the of pores of many white southerners. The African Americans who migrated found new opportunities both economic and artistic that resulted to the creation of a stable middle class Black –Americans (Dover, 2006). This was the Harlem Renaissance a cultural, social, and artistic explosion. The core of Harlem expressed by Alain Locke is that through art, â€Å"negroRead MoreHarlem And The Harlem Renaissance1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved in to urban cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Harlem. Out of these northern metropolises, the most popular was Harlem; â€Å"here in Manhattan (Harlem) is not merely the largest Negro community in the world, but the first concentration in history of so many diverse element of Negro life†(1050). Harlem became the mecca of black people, and between the years of 1920 and the late 1930s it was known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance, brought artiest, poets, writers, musicians, and intelligentRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1154 Words   |  5 PagesIV AP 16 November 2015 The Harlem Renaissance The early 1900s was a time marked with tragedy in America. Started and ended with the Great Depression in between, it was not America s finest moment. Prohibition was in place, the Klu Klux Klan was still marching, and the Lost Generation was leaving for Paris. But despite the troubling times, people still found beauty and meaning in the world around them. They still created art and celebrated life. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and literaryRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement, in the early 1920’s, that involved vibrancies of new life, ideas, and perceptions. The large migration of African Americans northward, after World War I, allowed people of color the opportunity to collaborate in the New York City neighborhood, known as Harlem. This renaissance allowed the city to thrive on a refined understanding and appreciation of the arts. Many individuals were involved in this movement including doctors, s tudents, shopkeepers,Read MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1317 Words   |  6 Pagesday is the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the cultural movement of the 1920’s. The movement essentially kindled a new black cultural identity through art, literature and intellect. The Harlem Renaissance started during the Roaring Twenties. It took place in Harlem, New York. It became most prominent in the mid to late 1920’s and it diminished toward the early 1930’s (Henderson). The Harlem Renaissance was initially called the New Negro Movement or the New Negro Renaissance. It was theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 1 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. According to Wintz: The Harlem Renaissance was â€Å"variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then withered in the mid-1930sRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesHARLEM RENAISSANCE Throughout the history of African Americans, there have been important historical figures as well as times. Revered and inspirational leaders and eras like, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, Nat Turner and the slave revolt, or Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party. One such period that will always remain a significant part of black art and culture is the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the meaning of art and poetry, as it was known then. Furthermore, theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay524 Words   |  3 Pages Harlem Renaissance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Harlem Renaissance was a time of racism, injustice, and importance. Somewhere in between the 1920s and 1930s an African American movement occurred in Harlem, New York City. The Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. It was the result of Blacks migrating in the North, mostly Chicago and New York. There were many significant figures, both male and female, that had taken part

Impact on children in the bilingual education programme Free Essays

Stung Treng, one of the distant northeasterly states of the Kingdom of Cambodia, is inhabited by different cultural minority groups in add-on to the bulk Khmers, such as â€Å" Brao, Kaveth, Lun, Phnong, Khmer Khe, and Kuy † ( Center for Advanced Study, 2009, p. 285 ) . Without schooling, these groups have high hazards of being exploited and exposed to bad behaviours such as drug maltreatment and unprotected sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact on children in the bilingual education programme or any similar topic only for you Order Now With low degrees of literacy they can be more prone to infection by common diseases in their community like malaria and dandy fever febrility, which farther depletes their minimum incomes necessitating outgo on medical specialties and medical expertness. Furthermore, their full potencies to develop themselves every bit good as their community have non been realized due to miss of chances. There are many benefits associated with female parent lingua based bilingual instruction: higher registration rates in formal system ; lower dropout rates ( a common ground for dropout in the early old ages of instruction is linguistic communication ; there are high dropout rates for kids talking a different female parent lingua to the linguistic communication of direction ) ; lower repeat rates, for kids necessitating to reiterate peculiar classs of their schooling ; higher rates of success for misss remaining in instruction ; higher rates of parental and community engagement in kids ‘s instruction ; it can better the relationship between political leaders and a multilingual population ; it leads to greater proficiency and eloquence in national linguistic communication ( and besides so international linguistic communications if these are pursued ) if initial direction is done in female parent longue ; and community engagement in instruction is really of import – affecti ng parents, community and instructors in instruction helps kids learn. Greater engagement is found when initial direction is in the female parent lingua. Over recent old ages the United Nations Children ‘s Fund ( UNICEF ) , in coaction with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ( MoEYS ) , has piloted a bilingual instruction programme in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state, where most Kaveth cultural group members are concentrated. This has been done in order to supply primary instruction to kids of this group by utilizing a bilingual theoretical account of larning implemented by CARE Cambodia, portion of CARE International, in Rattanakiri state. The programme focused on a minority population in three small towns of Siem Pang territory straight profiting about 225 kids. For confidentiality purposes the small towns will be known as small town K, small town O and small town T. 1.2 Problem Statement The bilingual method of learning adopted in the plan has been the agencies of supplying primary instruction to kids of cultural minorities in this state and its impact has non been studied therefore far, so the research worker has great involvement in researching this. 1.3 Purpose and Significance It is anticipated that the informations collected and analyzed in this survey will be used as a strong foundation to reason for an enlargement of the plan to other minority communities which are presently underserved by the Kampuchean instruction system. This has deductions for an addition in instruction entree for the-hard-to-reach kids of the state ‘s minority groups. The scope of possible impacts include the person ‘s future work chances, their attitudes towards and value for instruction, and the development of positive behaviours towards effectual wellness and hygiene patterns within the minority communities. Hopefully, the research findings will show the positive results and impact of the bilingual instruction programme. It may besides bring out issues or jobs that can be addressed. The positive impact will function as an protagonism message to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport â€Å" for bilingual instruction to be portion of national instruction policy programs, and the programs must be implemented in pattern with sufficient resources in the signifier of allocated financess, decently trained forces and other necessary resources † ( UNESCO, 2005, p. 3 ) . 1.2 Research Questions This research proposal intends to research the inquiry â€Å" What are the self-reported impacts of attending at the bilingual instruction programme on kids, their households and communities? † with the following purposes: To document the impact on take parting pupils of their attendance/involvement in the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; To document the impact on the households of pupils who attend the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; and To document the impact on the local communities in which pupils and their households attend bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng. 2. Methods Discussed in this subdivision will be the sampling technique, informations aggregation procedures and the method for informations analysis. Ethical issues and the stairss taken to turn to them will besides be considered here. 2.1 Sampling The proposed research will concentrate on the impact of bilingual instruction on the minority communities in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state. In each of these communities there is one school supplying bilingual instruction from classs one to three, and this research will utilize a convenience sample to choose one school with ready entree for the research worker. Two pupils from each of the three classs ( n = 6 ) from the selected school will be invited to take part in an interview. A parent of each of the invited pupils will be invited to take part in a focal point group treatment plus two members of the school support commission based on their handiness ( n=8 ) . A list of male and female pupils from the selected school will be sought from the school principal by the research worker. Simple random sampling will be used to choose two pupils from each of the three classs. The research worker will compose each single pupil ‘s name on a separate faux pas of paper, topographic point all the faux pass in a container, agitate the container, and choice faux pass from the container until the coveted figure of participants is selected. This procedure will be repeated by class and gender with misss in one container and male childs in the other in order to hold gender balance. It is of import to hold gender balance in this survey so that every bit representative voices can be heard. An Information Form and an Informed Consent signifier and missive from the school principal developed by the research worker will be sent to parents by the instructor through the selected pupils to seek their parental blessing. If parents of the selected pupils do non O.K. of their kids take parting in this research, the same procedure will be repeated with other pupils of the selected school until the coveted sample has been achieved. There are restrictions deducing from both clip restraints and geographical conditions for carry oning this research, so the sample size will non be big plenty to generalise the results of this survey. This trying attack besides has some restrictions. It can non vouch a good representation of the whole population in the small town or the category, cut downing the generalizability of the consequences. However, the impact of bilingual instruction in this minority community can still be measured through a carefully structured research tool. 2.2 Data aggregation 2.2.1 Interviewing Data will be collected through single interviews with the pupils of each of the three classs who have received parental consent to take part, and with two grownup focal point groups of four each group dwelling of the parents of three pupils and a member of school support commission in each group. Student interviews will be done by class degree, three interviews with the 2 kids from the same class degree. Due to clip restraints, carry oning pair interviews with pupils is a preferred option to the research worker. To cut down the possibility of male childs ruling the interview, the interviewer will deliberately direct the inquiries to girl pupils in an attempt to promote female engagement. The possible grownup participants in focal point group treatments will be provided with an Information Sheet in their ain linguistic communication, explicating the research intent and a Consent Form ( see Appendix A ) . Potential kid participants will be provided with an Information Form and Consent Form in their ain linguistic communication that requires parental every bit good as child consent, in an effort to turn to ethical concerns about questioning kids who are under the legal age of consent. Interviews with pupils will be conducted at their school on Thursday forenoon because Thursday is no-class twenty-four hours whilst focal point group treatments will be conducted in the afternoon of the same twenty-four hours and at the same topographic point. The interviews and concentrate group treatments will be audio-recorded for ulterior written text and analysis The interviews and concentrate groups ( draft inquiries in Appendix E ) will be conducted by the research worker and facilitated by a bilingual instructor, who can talk the local linguistic communication good, to assist smooth the procedure and to avoid any possible misinterpretation during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The instructor will non be the kid ‘s instructor to forestall any concerns of the kid in the event they make a critical remark. An instruction functionary each from the provincial and territory offices will be approached to set up communicating flow between the research worker and survey participants in footings of doing assignments for the interviews and concentrate group treatments. An interview protocol and inquiries will be developed for usage in the interviews and concentrate group treatments ( see Appendix B ) . Students will be asked semi-structured inquiries by the research worker, with interlingual rendition by a bilingual instructor. Possibly examining inquiries will besides be developed to utilize when new subjects come up during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The research worker will discourse the inquiries beforehand with the transcriber to clear up the content and purpose of the inquiries with the purpose of thereby cut downing confusion during the times of questioning and treatment. All interviews and treatments will be audio-recorded so that the procedure can be conducted swimmingly without breaks for note pickings. The recordings will subsequently be transcribed for thorough analysis, and will be translated into English. The recordings, the written texts every bit good as the interlingual renditions will be stored and watchword protected in the research worker ‘s personal computing machine for confidentiality and will be destroyed after the research study has been completed. There are some restrictions to the usage of interviews and concentrate group treatments. Students, their parents and community leaders of the minority group do non hold much exposure to the universe outside their immediate community, and this may take to narrow positions in their responses and treatments and limit the profusion of data/information aggregation. All the research participants are new to interviews and concentrate group treatments, and this may keep them from talking openly and honestly. The usage of a transcriber could besides perplex the procedure and add an unintended confusion to participants. Focus groups can non vouch confidentiality hence single respondents may be restrained in their responses if they believe person in the group might state others about peculiar remarks, particularly any perceived as critical. 2.3 Data analysis The analysis will be done first by transcribing the recorded responses from the interviews and focal point groups. Similar phrases from each transcript are put together under descriptive labels. By making so, informations are pooled and a form or subject will emerge. Give the little figure of participants in both interviews and concentrate group treatments, informations analysis will be done utilizing excel spreadsheet. 2.4 Ethical considerations The true intent of this survey will be obviously explained to all participants in this research and the general benefits deducing from this research for their community will besides be explained in order to derive their full engagement. It will be explained that engagement is voluntary and anon. . By making so the research participants understand they are non compelled to prosecute against their will and may retreat from take parting at any clip. The research worker pays great attending to ethical issues that might be concerned with the survey in footings of coercion and power imposed on the participants. Therefore, the research worker has designed an Information Sheet and Consent Form in the cultural linguistic communication explicating the intent and the procedure of the survey every bit good as their right to decline to take part before the survey can get down. An informal attack to the behavior of the interviews and focal point groups will be pursued in order to set all the participants at easiness and to arouse as rich and varied information as possible. 3. Literature Reappraisal 3.1 International context Surveies have shown that direction in the female parent lingua is good to achievement in other capable countries and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. In parts where the linguistic communication of the scholar is non the national linguistic communication of the state, bilingual instruction can do female parent lingua direction possible while supplying acquisition of the national linguistic communication at the same clip ( UNCESCO, 2003 ) . International research shows that at least five old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication -but sooner throughout the instruction system – is required to supply a solid foundation for farther surveies. A strong foundation in the female parent lingua is besides needed for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and successful transportation of the literacy accomplishments from the first to the 2nd linguistic communication ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Teaching basic accomplishments to hapless kids through linguistic communication submergence may be damaging, but bilingual instruction is a much more effectual option. Students in the United States of America having direction in a native linguistic communication and English at different times of the twenty-four hours were found to do the most dramatic additions in reading public presentation compared to their English-only equals. This research is pertinent to multilingual low-income states ( World Bank, 2006 ) . The figure of old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication is the most of import forecaster of reading public presentation in a 2nd linguistic communication. It is non of import what the first linguistic communication is, but instead how much cognitive and academic development the pupil has experienced in it. The higher the pupils ‘ accomplishment in the primary linguistic communication, the faster they will come on in the 2nd linguistic communication ( World Bank, 2006 ) . 3.2 Kampuchean context The footings â€Å" cultural minorities, † â€Å" autochthonal peoples, † â€Å" hill folks † and â€Å" Highlanders † are non synonymous. They are used interchangeably to depict the population groups who reside in remote, difficult-to-access countries within Cambodia. They make a life largely by subsistence agriculture and from forest merchandises, and do non talk Khmer, the national linguistic communication, as a female parent lingua ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . With the publicity of Education For All ( EFA ) , the Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is cognizant of the demand to do instruction accessible to all. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport is get downing to acknowledge that bilingual instruction may be an effectual manner of run intoing the educational demands of Cambodia ‘s cultural minorities while enabling them to take part more to the full in Khmer society ( UNESCO, 2007 ) . To accomplish Education For All in minority communities, particular schemes such as bilingual instruction can be used ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Bilingual instruction encompasses more than the female parent lingua as the linguistic communication of direction. Curriculum, stuffs, instructors and, learner-centered methodological analysiss are all elements of the educational procedure related to the autochthonal people ‘s civilization in a wide sense. Furthermore the attack has promoted the acceptance of inclusive instruction with scholars from upland autochthonal groups have long been marginalized and deprived of any chance for formal instruction ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . Cultural minority communities have maintained their cultural, lingual and traditional differences through their farness from the bulk cultural communities. Given this farness, there has non been the chance to back up substructure and the development and/or renovation of school edifices, conveyance and administrative substructure that instruction may necessitate ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . This compounds the disadvantage of the minority groups even further. There have been few educational chances for autochthonal peoples and, accordingly, there are few trained forces who are fluid in cultural minority linguistic communications and Khmer. As Khmer is non the first linguistic communication of the different upland groups, kids are placed at a disadvantage when it is used as the lone linguistic communication of direction ( UNESCO, 2005 ) .Find some figures that describe the engagement rates of cultural minority groups in higher instruction in Cambodia – it will beef up this point every bit good as the Significance of the research Given that there have been few undertakings that catered to the specific educational demands of cultural minorities, there is besides a deficiency of stuffs that are culturally relevant or readily adaptable for usage in footings of linguistic communication and content ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . Indeed, small town support for schooling has been missing, most likely due to the fact that formal school services did non run into the demands of the community, and conflicted with socio-cultural norms in upland small towns. Besides, learning methodological analysis and inflexible time-tabling were non suited. Curriculum and stuff developed for the cultural minorities needs to be appropriate to accommodate the demands of the autochthonal communities. If an instruction undertaking is non based on existent, identified demands in the targeted communities, the scholars will hold it inappropriate and non utile for their demands ( UNESCO, 2005 ) with subsequent low engagement and success rates. Education for misss faces particularly tough obstructions within Cambodia and can be observed frequently in the signifier of negative attitudes – by parents, instructors and community members. Discrimination is apparent in societal norms, linguistic communication, and submissive stereotypes. Socio-cultural influences work against misss ‘ entree to instruction in the signifier of early matrimonies, a heavy domestic work load and low educational outlooks ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . This is particularly true in a traditional society like Cambodia, in which miss ‘ instruction is less valued than male childs ‘ and misss are confined to household jobs, allow entirely misss from the state ‘s minority groups. How to cite Impact on children in the bilingual education programme, Essay examples

Nazism (1037 words) Essay Example For Students

Nazism (1037 words) Essay NazismThe most merciless and cruel party in the world, was under the role ofAdolf Hitler, their violence remained a deep gash in the western worldhistory. Nazism was originated in Germany in the early 1920s. It was thedoctrines or practices of the Nazi party. Nazism was a shortened versionof the tern National Socialism, denoting the doctrine and form ofgovernment of Nazi Germany under the rule of Adolf as enunciated in hisbook Mein Kampf. The term was an abbreviation of NationalsozialistischeDeutsche Arbeiterpartei (German National Socialist Worker Party). National Socialist German Workers Party founded in 1919 on fascistprinciples and dominant from 1933 to 1945 in Germany. The partysprinciples were essentially antidemocratic and racist. Hitler borrowedconsiderably from the Italian Fascist and Soviet Communist Systems, but theNazi pseudoscientific racist theories were original German contributions. In the past storm troopers and communists had contested the streets onfairly equal terms. Now, three days after the formation of Hitlerscabinet, communist meeting were banned in Prussia. To enforce suchmeasures, there was a new and ominous agency. A minor department in theBerlin police, detailed to watch anticonstitutional activities, was putunder Gorings command. As of April 26, 1933, this old Department IA ofthe Prussian political police was replaced by the Geheime Staatspolizei(Secret State Police), better known as the Gestapo. Within two years itsactiones would be free from judicial review and it would take its placebeside the SD (Sicherheitsdienst, or Security Service) and the securitybranch of the SS in a sadistic competition to achieve the totalitarianstate. Until this time Nazism was very much a function of communism theother side of the revolutionary coin. Now, within Germany, NationalSocialism stood alone. Communism was gone as a counterweight. The Jews, if their reviled relationship to Nazism had been simply thatof expedient scapegoat, could now have been passed over. Hitler hadarrived and did not need them in his further rise to dictator andconqueror. As unprincipled conqueror, he might well have enlisted theirtalents and loyalties, but Hitler had his principles and the Jews remainedas ever the evil force behind all that sought to destroy the master race. As a myth they had to be crushed. As a reality within German borders theywere a weak minority, so in practice the myth could be put aside and dealtwith at Hitlers convenience. Hindenburg himself had little patience with the new chancellorsanti-Semitism and wrote Hitler a letter objecting to the persecution ofthose Jews who had fought bravely for the fatherland in World War I. Indeed, while Hindenburg lived, Hitler was relatively restrained in hispersecutions. Many foresighted Jews did leave the country. Others,accustomed to centuries of persecution, accepted this as just one moreperiod of hard times which must be endured. After all, Jews in England andthe United States were barred from the best clubs. A good many German Jewswishfully believed that Hitlers venom was reserved for the Eastern Jewswho had begun flooding into Germany after World War I. A few Jews,thinking of themselves of labor, Friedrich Syrup, to stop furtherimmigration of Eastern Jews on the grounds that their presence stirred upanti-Semitism. Not until 1936, with Hindenburg dead and Hitler in sole command, waspersecution seriously escalated. On September 13, during the Nuremburgparty rally, Hitler raised the specter of the almost forgotten partyprotocol by announcing the Law for the Protection of German Blood andHonor. Henceforth, only those of German or related blood could becitizens. This event marked a deterioration of the Jewish lot in NaziGermany, but the monstrous final solution, instrumented under theLebensraum program, remained unimaginable in 1935. .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .postImageUrl , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:hover , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:visited , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:active { border:0!important; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:active , .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943 .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5723594423a1f392cfe8c976676d943:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DVD vs VCR EssayCommunists and Jews might have expected little better on the basis ofHitlers past performance. Labor, though a portion of its membershipmerged with the communist left, seemed to be in for gentler treatment. They had, in theory, been part of the National Socialist program form thebeginning. Reassuringly, Hitler declared May 1, 1933, a Day of NationalLabor. Labor was flattered. A big rally was held that night at theTempelhof airport. There, Hitler warmed a crowd of several hundredthousand with his praise of labors dignity and the need for unificationbehind the nation. His listeners cheered themselves hoarse. Patrioticsongs were sung. Rockets flowered in the sky. Bright and early the next day regular police, together withdetachments of SS and SA, occupied union headquarters throughout the land. Leading officials were arrested and dispatch to concentration camps. TheLabor Federations banks and businesses were seized. Files wereconfiscated. Labor newspapers were shut down. Within three weeks theright to strike and to bargain collectively were removed, withdecisionmaking left entirely to the natural leaders, the employers, a farcry from the socialistic goals espoused by so many early Nazis. Hitler, meanwhile, informed the disgruntled workers that they would bebetter off as part of the New German Labor Front. In reaction, there wasnot even an organized protest, let alone an uprising which the communistleadership would undoubtedly have encouraged had it not already beenremoved. From marching to the old International (the communist anthem),the workers now marched to a Nazi tune without ever breaking stride. Forthe duration of the Third Reich the workers were industrial serfs, secureenough in their jobs but with a share in the national income that was evenbelow the Depression level. As the economy moved toward war, a specialdecree on June 22, 1938, instituted the conscription of labor. Thiscommanded each German to work where the state assigned him, with thereciprocal assurance that he would not be fired without governmentapproval. Besides this promise of security, the state brought one more rigidgood to the worker. For his cheap enjoyment there was the state-run KraftDurch Freude (Strength through Joy) program, which organized all hisleisure and vacation time into sporting and travel groups. Individuality,as far as the Nazi state was concerned, no longer existed. Could Nazism happen again? German universities remained centers ofunrest, but the last likelihood seemed to be another Hitler. For the mostpart, Germany was a burned-out crater of big- power politics. She had nostab-in-the-back legend, no Jewish conspiracy myth to spur her on. Infact, if democracy should falter, the greatest probability was that itwould be supplanted by communism, that totalitarian system which existed inEast Germany and which, although Nazisms undying foe, was more akin toNazism in practice than to democracy.

Something We Dont Have free essay sample

We don’t relies what we have; were to focused on the big bad and scary to see what’s right in front of us and what we have. We focus on the bad and not the good; life is to short; to sit around waiting for something to happen; If we want something of the world we have to make it ourselves. I seem to come back to this thought; why do the commercials of third world countries describe them as sad; lost; hopeless peoples. The way I see it is that is not so; just because you have to work harder doesn’t mean you can’t be happy; infect I’m almost sure that these people are happier. They have the things that really matter friends and family; thin about the world we live in what makes you most happy? The possessions we have? Computers and TV’s and all these things those are worthless in the big scheme of things; my happiest times were with family and friends; down at my cabin doing nothing but lounge and have time with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Something We Dont Have or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Doing things I love to do; learn and read and write and go for hikes and go swimming. All I need is paper a pencil a pair of shoes and the clothing on my back; is the world really that hard no it’s so simple and we take it for granted. We take for granted the people we love; we take for granted the clothing on our backs; the shoes on our feet; we take for granted our leisure times and the things we have that we don’t need and don’t deserve. Why do I deserve the things that others don’t have; the things that people better than me don’t have? Some of my best memories are from meeting new people volunteering giving back; trying to be the best person I can be; to help people; fight for what is right and what is just fight for equality and fight for justice. It is my believe that everyone is equal then why don’t we get treated that way weather we live in Canada or India; weather we live in china’s farmland where people starve and die; or w eather we live in Jamaica’s beautiful land living in a tent with computer and nice clothing but in a tent because of the tsunami season. Weather someone is fighting for their rights in Russia or there life in Iraq; we are people; just people; all human; we make mistakes and live and suffer and no one is better than anyone. We have more but do we deserve it; no. maybe we should stop for a moment and think of thanks for these things because we don’t deserve them more than anyone else. We should give thanks to the people who took us hear and gave us the chances they have; we should think back and remember with fond memory even the worst of times because it could be worse. We should reflect and give thanks once a day; and relies how much we have; how easy it could be taken away. The world is not that big; not that bad; and it’s not that scary. You have the opportunity to change lives you have the straight to be strong on your own; each and every single one of us has what it takes; and we are fighters; warriors and we all have what it takes to be more than we are; if only we are fighting for what is right and if only we remember how small and gentle this world is; and to know that we can change the world. No matter if were 92 or only 10 and every age in between each of us came make a difference in the world; in our world.

Free Essays on Harrison Bergeron

Harrison Bergeron Essay In the short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the author, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., uses his natural ability of satire to illustrate a dystopian future, where the value of ‘equality’ is said to be held above all else. However, as we explore the meaning of the story we find that Vonnegut is actually warning us that in a world where we hold anything as an absolute the result will always be disastrous to the human condition and furthermore that such absolutes are usually the result of bad intentions. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the society in which the characters live is centered around the seemingly virtuous ideal of equality, opening with the almost macabre line, â€Å"The year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal.† As the story moves along into the family life of the Bergeron’s, we are shown what this foreboding line means; beautiful people are made to wear masks, thin or strong people made to wear weights, and clever people to wear radio transmitters in their ears to keep them from â€Å"taking unfair advantage of their brains†. Everyone is in one way or another hampered by handicaps, dropped to an arbitrary average decided by an all-powerful Handicapper-General. The reader’s mind quickly screams with injustice, that this is not equality at all, and they’re right. Vonnegut wanted to blatantly outrage the reader into knowing the truth, which, is that the result of this world of theoretical equality is actually uniformity and a loss of individuality. Humans are no longer able to express their natural creativeness as they are blocked by noises in their ears, or subdued by other means. Progress, material and spiritual, comes to a standstill when our freedom of action is silenced, which is precisely what happens in the story. While the specific outcome is somewhat unique in it’s form of handicaps, the stifling of what makes us human is not unique to the absolute value of equality. If we were to hold any v... Free Essays on Harrison Bergeron Free Essays on Harrison Bergeron Harrison Bergeron The story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is an in depth story about equality. Being equal to one another is not always the best way to live. Everyone is different for a reason and when you are equal, life is boring and dull. Also when there is a ruler who controls everyone in the world and punishes those who do not listen and do not want to be equal. How the government makes laws and/or amendments for people to follow helps the world stay in order but causes some problems too. The government makes up amendments that the people have to follow, and there is no limit to how many they are aloud to have. The government makes the amendments as they find new ideas and reasons to makes them. In the story there are 213 amendments but today there are only 27. The amendments are made to make the people in the world equal in some kinds of ways. But, the amendments in this story are made so that no one is better or less equal to another in every kind of way such as looks, size, and level of IQ. Next is the handicapper or the one who keeps everyone in the world equal to one another by using masks or weights or even a head set that beeps so people can not even think about things. The handicap leader has to control all the people who try to not be equal to other and try to be greater by not listening to her. There is harsh punishment for everything you do to try to prevent from being equal to others. The general has to control what people need such has how much handicap bags you need or what kind of mask the person should wear. Third is the way of life they have to live in their world with all the laws of equality. The whole purpose of this is so that not one person is better than another and if you do not listen you will suffer harsh punishment for it. The way of life is very strict with all the amendments so it does not allow anyone to have any fun. You always are making sure everything is the way it should be because if you are... Free Essays on Harrison Bergeron Harrison Bergeron Essay In the short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the author, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., uses his natural ability of satire to illustrate a dystopian future, where the value of ‘equality’ is said to be held above all else. However, as we explore the meaning of the story we find that Vonnegut is actually warning us that in a world where we hold anything as an absolute the result will always be disastrous to the human condition and furthermore that such absolutes are usually the result of bad intentions. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the society in which the characters live is centered around the seemingly virtuous ideal of equality, opening with the almost macabre line, â€Å"The year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal.† As the story moves along into the family life of the Bergeron’s, we are shown what this foreboding line means; beautiful people are made to wear masks, thin or strong people made to wear weights, and clever people to wear radio transmitters in their ears to keep them from â€Å"taking unfair advantage of their brains†. Everyone is in one way or another hampered by handicaps, dropped to an arbitrary average decided by an all-powerful Handicapper-General. The reader’s mind quickly screams with injustice, that this is not equality at all, and they’re right. Vonnegut wanted to blatantly outrage the reader into knowing the truth, which, is that the result of this world of theoretical equality is actually uniformity and a loss of individuality. Humans are no longer able to express their natural creativeness as they are blocked by noises in their ears, or subdued by other means. Progress, material and spiritual, comes to a standstill when our freedom of action is silenced, which is precisely what happens in the story. While the specific outcome is somewhat unique in it’s form of handicaps, the stifling of what makes us human is not unique to the absolute value of equality. If we were to hold any v... Free Essays on Harrison Bergeron Satire is the use of irony or sarcasm to attack some form of human behavior. Most satire appears in literature, but satire also plays a part in most other art forms. Most satirists claim they want to expose and reform such human failings as greed or vanity. But some satirists simply seem to enjoy ridiculing human conduct. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr's "Harrison Bergeron" is making fun of uniformity in general. The satire is the fact that uniformity (of any kind) leads to the loss of individuality, and therefore to absolute deformity of humanness. "The year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal," the story begins. "They weren't only equal before God and the law. They were equal in every which way." In this haunting story, Vonnegut probably wanted to warn our society of similar kind of equality, equality that can be fatal for human race. In "Harrison Bergeron", Kurt Vonnegut presented a scary view of a future society, where everyone was equal. "Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else." It was the job of the agents of the United States Handicapper General to keep it this way. Beautiful people had to wear ugly masks. People not heavy enough had to wear handicap bags full of lead. Clever people had to wear a radio in their ear tuned to the government transmitter, which sent out sharp noises to keep people from taking advantage of their brains. It was a world where competition was the greatest of sins. I think that this view can be very easily related to modern society. People are striving for equality of some kindequality of races, sexes, etc. The society in "Harrison Bergeron" succeeded in eliminating these prejudiceseverybody got the same opportunity to do anythingand the result was fatal. When the power got into the hands of stupid people, unfit for governing the country, they had to find a way to protect their position. So t...

Kari Martinsen Philosophy of caring Model Essay

Kari Martinsen Philosophy of caring Model - Essay Example Principally, there are three features that links nursing care; the belief of quality in nursing, the association between nursing care and ethical values and compassionate as an interpretational exercise. In contrast, countless patients complain about the lack of care when consulting their doctors, facing ignorance, inattentiveness or undignified conduct (Malmsten, 1999). I debate about the state of caring in nursing and highlight some of the distresses in relation to care in nursing. Mission/Vision Statement/Core Values Mercy Suburban Hospital’s vision statement is to be the leading provider of kindhearted health care and increased community access to excellent health and Medicare services aimed at improving the quality of health of communities and individuals. Mission: Mercy Health System aims at building strongly partnership with the Catholic Church in healing and treatment through the ministry’s spirit of the sisters of mercy. In fulfilling the mission, Mercy Health Hospital strives to create a caring and compassionate environment within the hospital and its surroundings. Besides, the hospital is dedicated to communal transformation and healing addressing the diverse health demands of the community and increased access to medical care by the marginalized and the disadvantaged groups. Mercy suburban Hospital works closely with the patients and their families to forge on advancing spiritual and psychosocial support through innovative compassionate care and medicines. Core Values Mercy Systems Hospital is committed to: Excellence: in quality medical care and health services which exceeds expectation of the patient Christian Service Motivation: contributing to the preservation and strengthening of Catholic Health service via Catholic Health East membership Inclusiveness: affirming and inviting persons from all ethnicities, religion, and culture to network and collaborate with Mercy Systems in providing quality healthcare to the community. Stewardsh ip: enhance fiscal responsibility and creative leadership among all the stakeholders. Besides, it enhances staff development, resource conservation and nurturing the environment. Integrity: advocacy and generation of trust. The Kari Martisen Philosophy of Nursing Care There is a considerable discrepancy between expectations and reality in nursing care (Martinsen, 2006). Not all doctors or nurses care a terrific deal. The concept of care in the field of medicine is disputable. I welcome Kari perspectives on the influence and importance of ethics in relation to nursing care. Care by definition requires the recognition of the need. The basic human existence relates to this definition. As humans, we are social and dependent on other people. Thus, care is a preconditioned fundamental in human life. As mankind, we are interconnected; this creates dependency which requires a response in the form of care (Malmsten, 1999). Martinsen understands a state of care as being circumstantial, emotio nally burdened and particularistic in nature. Care is to communicate to the other in absolute and impulsive way as a reaction to the condition of the other (Martinsen, 2006). To accomplish this, we must identify the patient need in the first place. Noting the necessity for care is thus the basic element of care as Martinsen implies by arguing that in order to care for the patient, we must both be able to see and express the patient’s plea for assistance in order to reinforce the patient’

Renewable energy disadvantages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renewable energy disadvantages - Essay Example On the contrary, solar power produces little or no carbon emission. Its use will not affect the level of energy in the earth’s crust. Capentieri et al (1993, p.160) argues that it is very important to put into consideration technology used to convert renewable sources of energy to meaningful use. It is critical to carry a feasibility study then match with appropriate technology to covert the energy source. One other factor to consider before investing in renewable energy is the collection of data. Most data is available as a primary source of other activities like flood control and weather forecast. This data may be flawed and lack precision. Once data is, available next is to put the appropriate technology. For renewable energy to be a success story, policies and guidelines should be in place to facilitate the whole process. For instances, stopping the use of coal to produce electricity will promote renewable sources like wind power. In general renewable sources of are friend ly to environment. It makes it appropriate for use in industries and reduces the damage on the ozone layer. Despite renewable energy offering best alternatives for energy, it has disadvantages that affect its use. Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Solar energy- it is the energy derived from the rays of the sun using solar panels. Cost- the cost of installing solar panels is relatively high and few can afford to install large photovoltaic solar cells to produce electricity. So harnessing solar power still remain a challenge. Space-for solar energy to be effective, it requires large space for efficiency of the equipment used to tap its power. It is not appropriate in places where surface area is small. Photovoltaic cells cannot reach optimum level where pollution is high. It reduces effectiveness of solar panels. In winter and rainy weather the solar panels are less effective. Solar panels attract extra expenses in harnessing solar energy. They cannot perform at night, having the need to purchase accumulators to store energy. Wind Power- it is the energy derived from wind using wind turbines. Noise-despite wind being clean energy, turbines produces huge noises. Destruction to animals-birds is the major casualties of wind turbines. Turbines scare away birds in places they are constructed, hence interfering with their habitats. Strength of the wind- at times when large amount of wind power is required, wind may be low to turn the turbines and because of this wind energy is unreliable. Location- coastal receive strong wind completely year round. Areas away from the coastal line do not benefit much form wind energy. Space- wind turbines takes ocuupy much space that would otherwise be used for other economic purposes. Cost- construction of wind turbines is costly. Several turbines should be constructed to produce equal amount of energy produced by other sources of energy. Hydropower-this is the energy derived from moving water. Toxic gases- hydropower produces toxic gases, affecting plants surrounding the dam. This leads to emission of methane gas, which pollutes the environment. Destruction of habitat-animals and people around the dam has to move due to water making conditions near the dam unbearable. Costs-equipments for installation of hydropower are very expensive. Initial cost both capital and labour are relatively very

Evaluate the relationship between clinical and experimental Essay

Evaluate the relationship between clinical and experimental neuropsychology - Essay Example It is definitely not sufficient to categorise these cases as language deficits- it is evident that language deficits can assume a broad array of forms. In every cognitive sphere, comprising language, memory, visual perception, abstract reasoning, and attention, it is likely to discover fascinating instances of dissociations within a particular cognitive function or if not interesting alterations of the normal mechanism (Bradshaw & Mattingley 1995). The implication these cases present is obvious, and not unforeseen to clinicians and researches in the discipline of neuropsychology (Maruish & Moses 1997): ‘within any given cognitive function, a whole range of things can go wrong; conversely, a specific deficit in memory, attention, or language can manifest itself in a variety of interesting ways’ (p. 59). Therefore, how can practitioners approach and understand this wide range of deficits? To what level can experimental neuropsychology inform practitioners what type of diso rders may take place and how they manifest core brain processes? To what level can clinical neuropsychology help practitioners to develop frameworks of cognitive functioning that can explain both disordered and normal performance? In the recent decade, there has been a remarkable and functional union of framework within the clinical and experimental branches of neuropsychology (Stirling 2002). It can be seen in these two fields the increasing application of component process analysis in formulating paradigms of cognitive functions and in formulating assessment methods to diagnose the nature of different disorders (Vasterling & Brewin 2005). This paper attempts to review the model for this kind of approach, and then to explain how it could be relevant in two distinct areas: spatial attention and visual imagery. These illustrations demonstrate how clinical and experimental viewpoints can be integrated within a potent and descriptive

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes Discuss how dietary modification represents a platform for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer Abstract Gastric cancer provides a good alternative to show the association of pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract and dietary modification. High salt intake and n-nitroso compounds have been identified in having a very strong relationship in the promotion of gastric cancer. The synergy between Helicobacter pylori and these dietary modifications elevates the chances of gastric cancer. Salt consumption leads to the inflammation of the stomach lining and it increases the colonisation of Helicobacter pylori which can cause the upregulation of iNos, COX-2 and CagA which cause increase the risk of gastric cancer. Similarly, H.pylori increases the chances of the formation of the carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds via increase nitrosation. Also, the reduction of Vitamin C, which acts as a free radical scavenger causes an increase in nitrosation which can ultimately increase gastric cancer. Ultimately, dietary modifications do play an integral role in the pathogenesis in gastrointestinal cancer.    Introduction Absorption, motility and digestion are some of the major physiological processes which take place in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the association modification of diet may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer. The gastrointestinal tract starts from the alimentary canal in the mouth to the anus provides a vast opportunity to explore the relationship between dietary modification and different types of cancers. However, focusing on one specific cancer allows the identification of the depth in which dietary modification can provide a stable preventive mechanism. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the world. (1) It is the third most common cause of cancer mortality due to the overall late symptoms being identified and therefore, lower prognosis.(1) Therefore it is imperative that dietary modification is implemented so that there is early prevention of gastric cancer and a higher life expectancy. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a known carcinogenic, which increased the risk of gastric cancer via chronic inflammation. (2) H. pylori situates in the stomach and this is a strong link between diet and gastric cancer as it can directly affect the microenvironment of the stomach. Salt Sodium is one of the most important electrolytes in the modulation of plasma osmolality and body fluid volume. (3) The regulation of sodium in the body was much easier 5000 years ago, as the dietary sodium levels were much lower than modern times; Salt is now more exposed in our diet and it is often used in preservation techniques. (4) understanding some of the mechanism in which salt is used in the development in food may allow the association between gastric cancer and salt to be identified; high sodium concentrations in the stomach has been associated with inflammation and mucosal damage; this is turn may cause an increase in mutation and increase proliferation of cells leading to gastric cancer. REF Mechanisms There are many mechanisms which show the link between salt intake and gastric cancer. Infection of bacteria like H. pylori and high dietary salt intake can cause inflammation, leading to a higher rate of colonisation of H. pylori. (5) The high salt intake caused a decrease in gland mucous cell mucin. (6) A rat study showed that high dietary salt intake leads to a reduction in the cell yield and an increase in cells which were in the S phase. This increases the cancer risk as it increases the chances of mutations and therefore formation of gastric cancer. (7) In gerbils, in the presence of H. pylori and high dietary salt, the upregulation of iNOS and COX-2. (8) This upregulation has been theorised to enhance the effect of H. pylori and subsequently promote the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. (9) In addition, high salt intake also leads to the upregulation of CagA which enables the gene to be able to promote H.pylori with the ability to alter the function of the parietal cells.(10) Hig h salt intake can also consequently induce hypergastrinemia. (6) The combination of H. pylori and hypergastrinemia may lead to the progression of gastric cancer as it may contribute to a decrease in parietal cells. Humans contain two types of gastric mucins: surface mucous cell mucin (SMCM) and gland mucous cell mucin (GMCM).(11) A study by Hidaka et al (12), showed that H.pylori only attached to the surface mucous epithelial cells. The penetration of only one type of gastric mucin is due to the upregulation of the GMCM against the H.pylori infection. (13) This displays that there are two mechanisms in which salt can potentially increase the risk of gastric cancer. A direct mechanism is the increase in cell proliferation due to the mucosal injury by the H. pylori. The indirect mechanism is to provide support in the immediate environment of the stomach to increase colonization of H. pylori. A study by Furihata et al (14) showed that there was damage to the gastric tissue when hypotonic NaCl solution was administered. Although the damage was temporarily and the tissue was back to its original state within one-two days, it is important to consider that prolonged exposure to high salt intake will c ause excessive damage and therefore increased the risk of carcinogenesis in the gastric tissue. Epidemiological case cohort studies Kato et al. (6) demonstrates that salt does support gastric malignancies in a dose-dependent factor when H. pylori is present. Although this result was achieved in an animal study, this relationship can be used to express the idea that a reduction in salt and salty food can decrease gastric cancer in humans. Therefore, considering a study by Tsugane et al. (15) up to 12% of salt is consumed in dietary sources such as pickled vegetables, preserved fish and salted fish. The synergistic behaviour of salt with H. pylori exposes the importance in the prevention of a high dietary salt intake to prevent the onset of gastric cancer. DElia et al (16) showed that moderately-high and high salt intake increased the chances of gastric cancer by 41% and 68% respectively, when compared to low salt intake. Japanese individuals who were habitually inclined to consume salt-rich foods had a higher risk of gastric cancer; with the consumption of pickled foods, salted fish and processed meats, there was an increased risk of 27% , 24% and 24% respectively. (16) A study showed that the association with individuals having a gastric cancer screening is lower in individuals with higher salt intakes.(17) Therefore, in this epidemiology study, it can be identified that the Korean population may not be aware of the consequences of a high salt diet; Therefore, a better delivery in the consequences of dietary salt intake may lead to more gastric cancer screening and potentially show an indirect decrease in the rate of gastric cancers in the population. N-nitroso compounds N-nitroso compounds (nocs) are found both in exogenous sources as well as endogenous synthesis in the body; exogenous synthesis is based upon the consumption of food sources such as processed meat and pickled vegetables. (18) The endogenous synthesis of nocs take place via nitrosation of amides by nitrite based nitrosation gents. (19) The endogenous synthesis is potentially caused by the haem group in red meat. (20) Nocs have been found to be carcinogenic (18); this allows us to have an insight into mechanisms in which carcinogenic compounds may interact in the stomach and cause gastric cancer. Mechanisms The mechanisms which link nocs and nitration described allows a powerful insight into some of the potential processes that are modulated in the prognosis and progression of gastric cancer; this allows us to identify the food sources that may potentiate the advancement of gastric cancer and therefore allow dietary modification to prevent gastric cancer. There are several mechanisms which allow nitrosation and consequently the formation of nocs to take place. Firstly, nitrosation is more likely to take place in a more acidic stomach. (21) There is also synergy of nitrosation at low vitamin C levels. (21) Secondly, inflammatory conditions are developed in the stomach in the presence of H. pylori when nitrosation takes place. (22) Lastly, Individuals who are exposed to high concentrations of nocs have a higher potential risk in acquiring gastric cancer (18). Epidemiological case cohort studies A study by Jakszyn et al. (23) has shown an increase in faecal nocs with the consumption of red meat. This has been observed by the reaction involving haemoglobin and myoglobin which reacts with nitric oxide to produce nocs which exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The results show that H. pylori infection increases nitric oxide due to the bacterial response being counteracted by macrophages; this will in effect cause an increase in nitrosation due to the high nitric oxide concentrations and subsequently allow high colonisation of h pylori. The red meat therefore does increase the risk of gastric cancer and this is also supported by other studies. (24) Having high levels of vitamin C may potentially prevent the onset of gastric cancer as it acts as a free radical scavenger and it enhances the mucosal formation; This reduces the synthesis of nocs and inhibits the optimum environment for H. pylori reducing cell proliferation of H. pylori. (25) The H. pylori counteracts this by c ausing inflammation of the stomach, causing a decrease of in the secretion of vitamin C in the lumen. (25) This exemplifies the synergistic relationship between reduced vitamin C levels and H. pylori in causing gastric acid; hence an increase in vitamin C should theoretically reduce the colonisation of H. pylori as well as the formation of nocs. A study by Xu et al. (18) shows the association between gastric cancer and nocs accurately using cofactors from endogenous nitrosation. The precursors of nocs such as nitrite, nitrate and 4 nocs were measured in urine. Firstly, the results showed a strong significant positive correlation with urinary nitrate and the risk of gastric cancer risk with negative igG antibodies for H. pylori. (18) Secondly, there were also increased levels of nitrite with the presence of H. pylori. (18) Finally, it also showed a link between alcohol consumption and some specific nocs. (18) The results highlight that there is a direct relationship between the formation of nocs and pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The addition of H. pylori synergistically allows the advancement of nitrosation and formation of nocs in the stomach. It also showed that decreased alcohol consumption may lead to a decrease in the formation of gastric cancer as there would be less carcinogenic nocs forming. Interestingly, this stud y has also shown a significantly inverse association with pickled vegetables and urinary nitrate levels. (18) Pickled vegetables contain nitrate reductase which can reduce nitrate to nitrite; Thereby causing a reduction in the nitrosation process, leading to less nocs synthesised. (18) Ultimately, this study shows the significant relationship between exogenous dietary sources such as red meat, alcohol should be limited to prevent gastric cancer. Conclusion The association between dietary modification and the prevention of gastric cancer is very high. Avoiding processed meat such as red meat which are high in n-nitroso compounds and food sources which are high in dietary salt can prevent damage to the mucosal lining of the stomach and prevent mutations. Interestingly, pickled vegetables have specifically shown many implications in the prevention of gastric cancer. Although, pickled vegetables do have a high salt intake and therefore would increase the risk of gastric cancer by inflammation of the mucosal lining, it does contain a bacteria called nitrate reductase which is able to reduce the processes of nitrosation, enabling less carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds to form and therefore, a decrease the number of mutagenic events in the stomach. This highlights variation of dietary modification as they may play a different role in different mechanistic pathways in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary modification consequently can provide a s trong supportive role in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer by the effects seen in the microcosm of the stomach. References 1. World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and stomach cancer. 2016; 2. Sepulveda AR. Helicobacter, Inflammation, and Gastric Cancer. Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2013 Mar 2;1(1):9-18. 3. Antunes-Rodrigues JJ, de Castro M, Elias LLK, Valenca MM, McCann SM, Valenà §a MM, et al. Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(1):169-208. 4. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S42-52. 5. Fox JG, Dangler CA, Taylor NS, King A, Koh TJ, Wang TC. High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):4823-8. 6. Kato S, Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Tanaka H, Kumagai T, Ota H, et al. High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(7):1558-66. 7. Charnley G, Tannenbaum SR. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of sodium chloride on gastric cancer risk in the rat. Cancer Res. 1985;45(11 II):5608-16. 8. Toyoda T, Tsukamoto T, Hirano N, Mizoshita T, Kato S, Takasu S, et al. Synergistic upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric mucosa of mongolian gerbils by a high-salt diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. Histol Histopathol. 2008;23(5):593-9. 9. Nozaki K, Shimizu N, Inada K, Tsukamoto T, Inoue M, Kumagai T, et al. Synergistic promoting effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and high-salt diet on gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002 Oct;93(10):1083-9. 10. Loh JT, Torres VJ, Cover TL. Regulation of Helicobacter pylori cagA expression in response to salt. Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;67(10):4709-15. 11. Ota H, Katsuyama T. Alternating laminated array of two types of mucin in the human gastric surface mucous layer. Histochem J. 1992;24(2):86-92. 12. Hidaka E, Ota H, Hidaka H, Hayama M, Matsuzawa K, Akamatsu T, et al. Helicobacter pylori and two ultrastructurally distinct layers of gastric mucous cell mucins in the surface mucous gel layer. Gut. 2001;49:474-80. 13. Matsuzwa M, Ota H, Hayama M, Zhang MX, Sano K, Honda T, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection up-regulates gland mucous cell-type mucins in gastric pyloric mucosa. Helicobacter. 2003 Dec;8(6):594-600. 14. Furihata C, Ohta H, Katsuyama T. Cause and effect between concentration-dependent tissue damage and temporary cell proliferation in rat stomach mucosa by NaCl, a stomach tumor promoter. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(3):401-6. 15. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S. Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(1):128-34. 16. DElia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):489-98. 17. Shin JY, Kim J, Choi KS, Suh M, Park B, Jun JK. Relationship between salt preference and gastric cancer screening: An analysis of a nationwide survey in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):1037-44. 18. Xu L, Qu YH, Chu X Di, Wang R, Nelson HH, Gao YT, et al. Urinary levels of N-nitroso compounds in relation to risk of gastric cancer: Findings from the Shanghai cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):1-16. 19. Calmels S, Ohshima H, Rosenkranz H, McCoy E, Bartsch H. Biochemical studies on the catalysis of nitrosation by bacteria. Carcinogenesis. 1987 Aug;8(8):1085-8. 20. Lunn JC, Kuhnle G, Mai V, Frankenfeld C, Shuker DEG, Glen RC, et al. The effect of haem in red and processed meat on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(3):685-90. 21. Suzuki H, Iijima K, Moriya a, Mcelroy K, Scobie G, Fyfe V, et al. Conditions for acid catalysed luminal nitrosation are maximal at the gastric cardia. Gut. 2003;52(8):1095-101. 22. Mirvish SS. Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC. Cancer Lett. 1995;93(1):17-48. 23. Jakszyn P, Bingham S, Pera G, Agudo A, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(7):1497-501. 24. Gonzà ¡lez CA, Jakszyn P, Pera G, Agudo A, Bingham S, Palli D, et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 1;98(5):345-54. 25. Zhang ZW, Farthing MJ. The roles of vitamin C in Helicobacter pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis. Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6(2):53-8.

Death of a Salesman :: essays papers

Drug For Sanity in Death of a Salesman Willy Lowman’s Drug for Sanity No one’s life can be classified as â€Å"normal†. Everyone has conflicts that they have to eventually deal with. People do in fact deal with these personal conflicts in different ways; some take it easy some take it hard. Some ignore the problem as long as possible and some deal with it right away to get it out of the way. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman’s technique to his problem solving leads to severe consequences. Willy never does anything to help the situation; he just escapes into the past to happier times when there were few problems. He uses this escape as if it was a drug, and as the play goes on, this drug becomes dangerous, leading him to his death. The first time Willy is seen dazing off into the past is when he discovers Biff arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy’s disappointment in Biff and what Willy thinks he has become basically a bum. After failing to deal with his feelings, he escapes to a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for one to think of better times at low points in their life in order to cheer them up so that they are able to deal with problems, but Willy Lowman takes it a step ahead. His stubbornness to accept reality is so strong that in his mind he is placed back in time to relive one of the happier days of his life. It was a time when no one argued. Willy and Linda were younger, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy welcomed their father back home from being on a long work trip. Willy’s need for the â€Å"drug† reassures himself that everything will turn out okay and that his family will be happy once again like it was in the past. The next flashback occurs during a discussion between Willy and Linda. Willy is depressed about his inability to make enough money to support his family, his looks, and his personality. â€Å" My God if business doesn’t pick up, I don’t know what I am going to do!†(1808) is what Willy said after Linda figures out that they are in fact in debt. Then he blurts out without letting any reply to his comment, â€Å"I’m Fat. Death of a Salesman :: essays papers Drug For Sanity in Death of a Salesman Willy Lowman’s Drug for Sanity No one’s life can be classified as â€Å"normal†. Everyone has conflicts that they have to eventually deal with. People do in fact deal with these personal conflicts in different ways; some take it easy some take it hard. Some ignore the problem as long as possible and some deal with it right away to get it out of the way. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman’s technique to his problem solving leads to severe consequences. Willy never does anything to help the situation; he just escapes into the past to happier times when there were few problems. He uses this escape as if it was a drug, and as the play goes on, this drug becomes dangerous, leading him to his death. The first time Willy is seen dazing off into the past is when he discovers Biff arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy’s disappointment in Biff and what Willy thinks he has become basically a bum. After failing to deal with his feelings, he escapes to a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for one to think of better times at low points in their life in order to cheer them up so that they are able to deal with problems, but Willy Lowman takes it a step ahead. His stubbornness to accept reality is so strong that in his mind he is placed back in time to relive one of the happier days of his life. It was a time when no one argued. Willy and Linda were younger, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy welcomed their father back home from being on a long work trip. Willy’s need for the â€Å"drug† reassures himself that everything will turn out okay and that his family will be happy once again like it was in the past. The next flashback occurs during a discussion between Willy and Linda. Willy is depressed about his inability to make enough money to support his family, his looks, and his personality. â€Å" My God if business doesn’t pick up, I don’t know what I am going to do!†(1808) is what Willy said after Linda figures out that they are in fact in debt. Then he blurts out without letting any reply to his comment, â€Å"I’m Fat.

How does Technology affect Privacy? Essay

The emergence of science and technology generates a platform for global communication. Users of technology forget that the platforms generated to offer communication expose their private information. One simple search through social media sites pulls out detailed information of a person for observation. Online fraudulent activities continue to grow as malicious attackers use fake accounts to steal from unsuspecting victims. Technology simplifies business by providing organizations with e-commerce platforms to perform business. E-commerce gives convenience to the business and the buyer as they spend less but still provide quality services to their clients. The privacy of buyers decreases as malicious attackers hack into the sites (Schlag, 2013). A stranger can simply read an email if the owner of the email account forgets to logout. Subsequently, the user can access personal information of the user from the personal information profile. Other forms of technology such as secret cameras also affect the privacy of individuals. Someone might spy shoppers using cameras without the shoppers realizing that the privacy is exposed. Technology companies trace people through computers chips embedded in cars and clothes. The use of digital records in hospitals leaves private information of patients exposed to anyone who has access to the records. Credit card records and mobile phone bills leave personal information on receipts generated for confirmation purposes (Schlag, 2013). Any person who sees this information could use it to display confidential information. The use of technology should have regulations that detail the exposure people get while encountering different technological devices. Technology does affect the privacy of individuals as it makes it easier for anyone to access personal information of people in contact with the technological device. References Schlag, C. (2013). The New Privacy Battle: How the Expanding Use of Drones Continues to Erode Our Concept of Privacy and Privacy Rights. Journal of Technology, Law and Policy, 13(1), 1-22.

Haematology essays

Haematology essays Marital Status Cohabiting Sex Male 3/52 hx of epistaxis, oral mucosal bleeding and purpura over the feet and shins. JM was diagnosed with idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura in 1996. He suffered from epistaxis, bleeding gums and purpura and his platelet level at this time was found to be 2 x 109g/L. Treated with corticosteroids, but refractory to therapy, JM underwent a splenectomy with good resolution. He was gradually weaned off prednisolone and followed up in the haematology clinic in 1999. The patient has been asymptomatic until this recent presentation to his GP, who referred him to the haematology unit at the Western General Hospital. 1994 - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia diagnosed. Treated with corticosteroids. aasthma, aepilepsy, ajaundice, aDM, aMI, aCVA, B, aHT, aRF A call centre manager, JM lives in a semi-detached house with his partner and young son. He is a non-smoker and drinks only 5 units of alcohol a week. He has never taken recreational drugs. He has no significant risk factors for HIV infection. General: JM has been feeling slightly more tired recently. Denies any weight loss prior to admission Denies any change in appetite or thirst Denies nausea, vomiting or haematemesis Denies any difficulty swallowing, dysphagia, indigestion or heartburn Denies fresh blood or mucus in the stools CVS: Denies breathlessness, chest pain and palpitations Denies calf pain or ankle swelling RS: 1/52 hx of cough with dirty sputum Denies shortness of breath at rest, on mild exertion or lying flat GUS: Denies incontinence or urgency Denies nocturia, dysuria and haematuria Loco: Denies pain, stiffness or swelling in any joints Skin: 3/52 hx of painful rash over both feet extending over shins Patient ¡s Ideas, Concerns and Expectations JM has a very good understanding of his condition and is v...

Juan Gris, Spanish Cubist Painter

Juan Gris, Spanish Cubist Painter Juan Gris (1887-1927) was a Spanish painter who lived and worked in Paris, France, for most of his adult life. He was one of the most significant cubist artists. His work followed the development of the style through all of its stages. Fast Facts: Juan Gris Full Name: Jose Victoriano Gonzalez-PerezOccupation: PainterStyle: CubismBorn: March 23, 1887 in Madrid, SpainDied: May 11, 1927 in Paris, FranceEducation: Madrid School of Arts and SciencesSpouses: Lucie Belin, Charlotte (Josette) HerpinChild: Georges Gonzalez-GrisSelected Works: Portrait of Pablo Picasso (1912), Still Life with Checkered Tablecloth (1915), Coffee Grinder (1920)Notable Quote: You are lost the moment you know what the result will be. Early Life and Career Born in Madrid, Spain, Juan Gris studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Sciences. He was an outstanding student, but his heart was not in academia. Instead, he chose to focus on the drawing skills that came naturally. In 1904, he began to study with the artist Jose Moreno Carbonero, a past instructor of Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso. Hulton Archive / Getty Images After adopting the name Juan Gris in 1905, the artist moved to Paris, France. He would stay there for most of the rest of his life after having avoided Spanish military service. In Paris, he encountered some of the leading artists of the emerging avant-garde scene including Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, and Pablo Picasso, as well as American writer Gertrude Stein, who would become a collector of Gris work. During the period, Gris contributed satirical drawings to a wide range of Parisian journals. Cubist Painter In 1911, Juan Gris began to seriously focus on his painting. His initial works reflect the emerging cubist style. Pablo Picasso led the early development of cubism along with French artist Georges Braque. Gris considered Picasso an important mentor, but Gertrude Stein wrote that Juan Gris was the only person whom Picasso wished away. Portrait of Pablo Picasso (1912). Corbis Historical / Getty Images Gris exhibited at the Barcelona Exposicio dArt Cubista in 1912, considered the first group exhibition of cubist artists. His early cubist works are in the style of analytical cubism pioneered by Picasso and Braque. The 1912 Portrait of Picasso is an example of this approach. However, within two years, he focused on synthetic cubism, which used collage techniques extensively. The 1915 Still Life with Checkered Tablecloth illustrates the change. Crystal Cubism The outbreak of World War I in 1914 disrupted the life and work of Juan Gris. Gertrude Stein provided him with financial assistance, and he spent time at Henri Matisses studio in the south of France. In 1916, Gris signed a contract with French art dealer Leonce Rosenberg which helped solidify his financial future. Coffee Grinder (1920). Heritage Images / Getty Images Juan Gris simplification of the geometrical structure of his paintings in late 1916 is a distilled version of cubism. He also blurs the distinction between the background and the central object in the picture. This style has been called crystal cubism. Many observers see the technique as the logical extension of developments in cubism. The first major solo exhibition of the work of Juan Gris took place in Paris in 1919. He also participated in the final major exhibit of cubist painters at the Salon des Independents in Paris in 1920. Later Career In the months following the end of World War I in 1919, Juan Gris became ill from the lung disease pleurisy. He traveled to Bandol on the southeastern coast of France to recuperate. There, he met Russian ballet patron Serge Diaghilev, founder of the Ballets Russes. Juan Gris designed sets and costumes for the dance troupe from 1922 through 1924. La Liseuse (1926). Heritage Images / Getty Images More major international exhibitions followed from 1923 through 1925. During the period, Gris enjoyed the greatest fame that he would know during his lifetime. He delivered the lecture, Des possibilites de la peinture at the Sorbonne in 1924. It outlined his major aesthetic theories. Unfortunately, Gris health continued to decline. In 1925, he began to suffer from cardiac and kidney disease. Juan Gris died of kidney failure at age 40 in 1927. Legacy Still Life with Checkered Tablecloth (1915). Metropolitan Museum of Art / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 1.0 While Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are given credit for first developing the cubist style, Juan Gris is one of the most distinctive artists who devoted his career to the development of the movements theories. Artists ranging from Salvador Dali to Joseph Cornell acknowledged their debts to the innovations of Juan Gris. His use of brand logos and newspaper type anticipated the development of Pop Art a generation later. Source Green, Christopher. Juan Gris. Yale University Press, 1993.

CSR in Organisations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CSR in Organisations - Coursework Example Collaborators within the chain of production are as well becoming more and more challenging with respect to securing developmental objectives - the achievement of growth because of fair dealings. For more or less three decades, the state governments of the world’s most developed nations have been increasing legal structures intended to prevent the degradation of the human surroundings as well as natural resources, and enhance and defend the atmosphere. In the universal framework, sustainable growth parameters are being identified with the aim of ascertaining a balance between the objectives of fiscal improvement on one side and social improvement on the other, whereas taking into account the necessity to develop and guard the natural surroundings. All of these factors compel businesses to dedicate themselves more sincerely to fulfilling a rising number of interest groups within their own surroundings. Modern society makes additionally demands upon businesses in the direction o f explaining their social responsibility. Alternatively, organisations are completely aware of the fact that they have to adopt a positive approach while dealing with these demands. Corporate ethics has developed into the utmost demand within all business activities, from the meeting rooms of the world’s leading organisations to the classrooms in educational institutions around the globe. Ethical concerns as well as demands for protecting the environment will have an even larger potential control on the demand for companies’ products and services. The world’s leading organisations are already facing the rising formal demands to protect the environment and, consequently, their business philosophy has become established in concern for these demands. Contemporary society asks for accountability as well as involvement. A knowledge-based organisation requires that each person take responsibility for the organisation’s objectives, its involvements and its activ ities. Every member of the organisation should completely evaluate as well as reassess their accomplishments and involvements. Social responsibility within business is linked with the commitment of organisations to enhance their positive control and decrease their negative doings toward society. In that sense, whereas ethics is an issue for every person within the business field, social responsibility is associated with the â€Å"influence of an organisation’s business decisions on society†2. One of the most important values, supporting the contemporary business, is that of an organisation founded on responsibility. Organisations are required to take responsibility for their part within society. An organisation founded on responsibility indicates that all the members of the organisation must systematically assess and think about all their tasked accomplishments as well as involvements, and take control of both. There are six social initiatives, functioning within the f ield of corporate social responsibility: (1) encourage social objectives; (2) promotion linked with social objectives; (3) corporate social advertising; (4) corporate patronage; (5) volunteer work for society; and (6) socially dependable business activities. Coca Cola vs. Starbucks The Coca Cola Company is the world's leading beverage business. The Company markets four of the world's leading five non-alcoholic drinks - Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. By the help of the world's major drink circulation structure, customers in over 200 nations have access to Company's beverages at a level going beyond â€Å"1.4 billion servings each day†3. Starbucks is a key international coffee business with over 17,000 stores in more than 55